Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles:-Standford University report -May 29 2025

The fuel depletion, environmental pollution and rapid increase in energy demand have pushed researchers to make studies to improve the process of combustion of internal combustion (IC) engines. The stringent regulations to reduce harmful emissions have promoted in the last years the use of low
carbon or carbon-neutral alternative fuels combined with new solutions to enhance the charge flow, develop new emission controlling technologies and improve the mixture combustion process [1]. The idea of using hydrogen is not new and researchers around the world have been working to improve the technology in various aspects as production, storage, transport and utilization [2]. Also engine manufacturers have taken the initiative to develop hydrogen operated engines (Zetec 2.0 L from Ford, 6.0 L V12 bi-fuel from BMW). Ganesh et al. [3] investigated in a gasoline engine the effect of hydrogen on emissions and performance and found that the power output was 20% lower than gasoline and the NOx was four times higher than gasoline with negligible emissions of HC and CO. Park et al. [4] added hydrogen in a natural gas engine at various excess air ratios and found an improve engine combustion with reduce HC, CO and NOx emissions than the original engine. Saravanan and Nagarajan [5] tested different blends of hydrogen and found that engine brake thermal efficiency increased with 15% after hydrogen addition at 75% load, a dramatically decrease of Smoke, CO and CO2 with nearly the same NOx emissions as pure diesel engine. Wang et al. [6–9] studied the hydrogen addition at gasoline engines and found that hydrogen–gasoline blends could reduce HC and CO emissions at cold start and improve engine indicated thermal efficiency. Huang et al. [10-12] conducted experiments on the laminar burning velocities of the hydrogen-enriched fuels and found that the flame speed of hydrogen could reach 15 m/s, which were higher about five times than the speed of methanol. Bose et al. [13] investigated the effect on adding hydrogen in a diesel engine with a compression ratio of 17.5. The hydrogen was supplied constantly at 0.15 kg/h at all loads. The brake thermal efficiency increased with 3.9% comparative with petrodiesel fuel at 80% engine load. Dhyani and Subramanian [14] investigated on a multi-cylinder engine the effect of knock parameters such as injection timing, spark timing and equivalence ratio and found that knock and backfire were related to each other at higher equivalence ratio. Ceviz et al. [15] conducted experiments on hydrogen addition at a spark-ignition engine. The speed was kept constant at 2000 rpm using hydrogen fractions of 0%, 2.14%, 5.28% and 7.74% by volume as fuel. The hydrogen provided an improvement in the total
brake-specific fuel consumption a reduction in HC and CO emissions, an increase in NOx emissions due to higher flame speed. The scope of this paper is to evaluate the possibility to use hydrogen as an alternative fuel for the internal combustion engine as primary fuel or in dual fuel operation.

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Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles